who did elizabeth stuart marry

Mary married the handsome Darnley recklessly for love. The Execution & Death Of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587. Soon, this arrangement had settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came. The Royal Stewart/Stuart Succession (Scottish Succession) Best viewed on a large display. I can't let that man win." The Relationship Between Mary and Elizabeth Tudor. Why did Elizabeth I say she would never marry? They left home at 10:00 a.m. in Mary's red Opel station wagon with license plates numbered 456-AII. But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage and kept Mary under lock and key. Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were very popular throughout Europe. The Crime of Mary Stuart. Did Mary Stuart and Elizabeth Tudor share the same bloodline? Henry VII married his eldest daughter to one of them, and her son had a daughter known as Mary, Queen of Scots. None too pleased by this, Henry sought to change their mind through a show of force, a war between Scotland and England… the so called ‘Rough … Philip may have got the idea that Elizabeth would marry him as a matter of course. Historians have puzzled long and hard to establish Mary Queen of Scots‘s motive for marrying the Earl of Bothwell after the murder of her husband Lord Darnley.Contemporary evidence from several sources suggests that she had taken part in a long-running affair and became involved with him in a crime of passion. Why did Parliament want Elizabeth married? 3 "He'll try to marry you again," Frederick suggested. Elizabeth Tudor is the Queen of England and Ireland. Elizabeth Barrett to Mr. Boyd: Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd, edited by Barbara P. McCarthy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955). She had no intention of returning to The Hague, and indeed she did not. After the death of her sister Mary, Elizabeth became sole ruler, and Queen of England at the … But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage and kept Mary under lock and key. Her elder half-sister … It was Mary’s second marriage in July 1565 to her cousin Henry Stewart (Stuart), earl of Darnley, son of Matthew Stewart, 4th earl of Lennox, that started the fatal train of events culminating in her destruction. Elizabeth I Create. The Perfect Wedding: Directed by Roxanne Boisvert. King James imprisoned William Seymour and placed her under house arrest. Known most commonly as the Queen of Scots or Mary Stuart, Mary was the great-niece of the infamous Henry VIII, the Tudor king with a … Later, she married and divorced director Charles Vidor (1943–1945), actor/director John Huston (23 July 1946 – February 1950), and bandleader Artie Shaw (1957–1985). NZBDM:1877/9942 Muir Mary Stuart Elizabeth Alexander Wife of the late John, mother of Elizabeth, Alexander (Sandy) Inscription. It also, in some scholarly views, was a major political factor of the entire reign, if not so voiced. Mary and her two daughters, Fannie and Jessie, were last seen in Honeydew, California on December 10, 1977. The Crime of Mary Stuart. The succession to the childless Elizabeth I was an open question from her accession in 1558 to her death in 1603, when the crown passed to James VI of Scotland.While the accession of James went smoothly, the succession had been the subject of much debate for decades. She was named after her godmother Elizabeth Tudor, the Queen of England. In 1613, Elizabeth married Frederick, Count Palatine of the Rhine. During this time, they both fell in love. Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots have met many times on stage and on screen – from Friedrich Schiller's early 19th-century play Mary Stuart, to Saoirse Ronan and Margot Robbie's dramatic head-to-head in Josie Rourke's film, Mary Queen of Scots.Yet in reality the two women famously never met. It was interrupted in 1649 by the establishment of the Commonwealth but was restored in 1660. Log in. The Winter Queen. Mary, Queen of Scots Despite refusing to name her as successor, Elizabeth still saw Mary as a threat, and to counter this threat she decided to put someone she trusted as close to Mary as she could. Lecture by Dr. Carole Levin at the Museum of London / 03.02.2015 Professor of History Director of Medieval and Renaissance Studies Program University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “Make the Lord the center … and commit,” says Smith. Mary’s mother was French, and the French would spell the last name Stuart. Yet in 1566, parliament attempted to force her to marry. The table below lists every individual that appears in the above tree – use the search field to find someone specific. Four years later, she married her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James. She endured three husbands' deaths, was betrayed by Elizabeth I, and ultimately suffered a gruesome execution. This is the tragic story of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart, was born into conflict. She assumed the throne as queen of Scotland when she was just six days old, upon the death of her father. Mary, Queen of Scots was actually 5'11, and a redhead. This famous account of the execution was written by Robert Wynkfielde. 4 Feb 2022. The Stuart succession was secure, but many continued to wish Elizabeth as their queen, and were not backward about showing “their sorrow at the birth of the prince because of her”. (Paperback) at Walmart.com Princess Elizabeth Stuart of England was the daughter of King James I Stuart of England and Princess Anne Oldenburg of Denmark. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Lady Elizabeth Howard. Mary Stuart is the Queen of Scotland, as the only surviving child of her father, James V of Scotland.Her father died just days after her birth, leaving her to inherit the crown. Elizabeth wouldn’t accept that deal, and Mary ended up saying “I do” in 1565 to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley — her cousin who also had ties to the British throne. Lindsay is about to marry the man of her dreams- until everything spirals out of control at her bachelorette party. Robert (2) Stewart and wife Elizabeth sold July 21, 1800, to Richard Matthews land on Stuart's Run in Bath County, Virginia, granted 1750 to his father James (1) Stuart. Born in 1635 to a London covered in snow, this daughter was named after her godmother and aunt, Elizabeth of Bohemia, the Winter Queen and would earn the nickname ‘the winter princess’. Not only did Elizabeth Stuart model herself on Elizabeth I, but throughout her life English writers praised her as that queen’s reincarnation. But Elizabeth shook her head, bracing herself to be Queen again. She was beheaded in 1587. Buy Elizabeth l. Did the execution of Mary Stuart lead to the Spanish Armada? Son Robert (3) acquired more land and continued to live in Bath County until after 1819. Regardless of this, a separation between Spain and England did occur. The most obvious candidate would have been Philip of Spain. Mary Stuart was born December 8, 1542 and became Queen on December 14, when she was 6 days old. However, after years of isolation and relative poverty, on May 26, 1661, Elizabeth Stuart returned to England. The Queen nodded. Click to view full-screen. The Execution & Death Of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1587. This book does not allow the reader to decide if Mary Stuart had anything to do with Lord Darnley's murder, its author is too busy providing evidence to convict her. The couple married in 1997, after dating three years, and they’ve learned a lot about love and marriage in their almost two decades as husband and wife. Ultimately, Mary was imprisoned for nearly 19 years before being found guilty of a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and assume her throne. Her reign is famous as ‘The … The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. Born on 19 Aug 1596 in Fife, Scotland, she was married to King Frederick V Wittelsbach of Bohemia on 14 Feb 1613. "That's why I needed an Irish priest. 0. Did Mary Queen of Scots have children with Francis? Elizabeth I is one of England's most well-known monarchs. 1466 CE), wife of Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509 CE). Elizabeth was born 7 September 1533 CE at Greenwich Palace, the daughter of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-1536 CE). Mary, Queen of Scots, had been tried in October 1586 for her involvement in the Babington Plot, a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I. She is the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Frederick was puzzled. READ MORE: The Wildly Different Childhoods of Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots Mary Stuart had technically been queen of Scotland since she was six days old. But her grip on the Scottish throne had always been threatened by her political enemies, many of whom resented the Catholic queen. To many in her Privy Council this was simply unacceptable – yet legality was on Mary’s side and Elizabeth was very aware of this. They saw Mary Stuart, queen of Scotland and legitimate granddaughter of Henry’s sister Margaret Tudor, as the rightful queen of England. She is portrayed by the Canadian actress, Rachel Skarsten . Early Life. The Elizabethan era is named for her. It stuck, in England and France. Born in 7 Sep 1860 and died in 18 May 1932 Basham, Virginia Mary Elizabeth Moore Stuart Guy proposed that “Moray and his allies knew that they’d never get away with outright forgeries, so to satisfy Elizabeth and establish Mary’s guilt, they needed carefully to select pages of genuine letters that, once mixed up and doctored, would seem to clinch what they sought to prove. She is Mary of Scotland's first cousin once removed, and are only a couple of years apart. Who did Mary Queen of Scots marry? Elizabeth would grow up… Read on Descendants of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Anne Stuart (Queen Anne) Maria C. Mary Stuart Sobieska Sophia of Anne HydeMary Stuart Modena Catherine of Bragnanza Elizabeth Stuart Henrietta M. Bourbon Anne of Denmark Mary Stuart b. Mary Stuart was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I. In 1596, Elizabeth Stuart, the eldest daughter of King James VI Scotland and Anne of Denmark, was born. 1542 Charles Edward Henry Stuart Stuart William of Orange James Stuart (James III) Ernest ofHanover Augustus This book provides the reader with extremely detailed information about Mary Stuart's "crime". Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia Mary Stuart Margaret Stuart Sophia Stuart. Monarchy. A marriage was arranged between Mary and Edward, only son of Henry VIII but was broken when the Scots decided they preferred an alliance with France. Elizabeth A Stuart was born on October 11, 1906. Princess Mary Tudor was the apple of her father’s eye for many years prior Anne Boleyn returning to England. This is a talk about Queen Elizabeth I’s ghost, particularly in the Stuart Age – and I am using that term both as what ghost usually means, but also as a way of discussing Elizabeth’s afterlife. Why did Elizabeth not kill Mary? (Coincidentally, it was at this time that the original James (1) Stuart farm was sold.) The Relationship Between Mary and Elizabeth Tudor. Palace of Whitehall . House of Stuart, also spelled Stewart or Steuart, royal house of Scotland from 1371 and of England from 1603. She then signed it. When Charles I did marry a Catholic bride, the French Henrietta Maria, and she bore him a male heir in 1630, voices of discontent were raised once more. Mary's real title was Mary I of Scotland, or Mary, Queen of Scots. In “Mary Queen of Scots,” she is a confidante of Queen Elizabeth, arranging a meeting between her and Mary, and later assuming the role of Mary’s keeper during her captive days. We know that Elizabeth A Stuart had been residing in San … The recently widowed Mary Stuart returns to Scotland to reclaim her throne but is opposed by her half-brother and her own Scottish lords. Isabel fue la quinta y última monarca de la dinastía Tudor.. Isabel era hija de Enrique VIII y Ana … Princess Elizabeth Stuart of England. Friedrich IV had hoped that his daughter Katharina would marry the future Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, although this never came to pass. The fidelity of her mother, Elizabeth, wife of Prince Albert, Duke of York - later King George VI, was at first questioned. Elizabeth Tudor is the Queen of England and Ireland. The murder 25 years later of Henry Lord Darnley, her consort and the father of the infant who would become King James I of England and James VI of Scotland, remains one of history's most notorious unsolved crimes. Most of this trouble resulted from Mary’s potential claim to the English throne, and because of this, Mary was at the center of many plots against Elizabeth. How are the Stuarts and Tudors related? After the death of her sister Mary, Elizabeth became sole ruler, and Queen of … Keyes said of her many relationships: "I always took up with the man of the moment and there were many such moments." Of course, Elizabeth did have several chances to marry throughout her reign, most notably to Robert Dudley (pictured with Elizabeth, above), her great favourite. Elizabeth's father was the younger brother of Mary Stuart's grandmother, Margaret Tudor. Accounts such as these, and woodcuts of the scene, were very popular throughout Europe. ELIZABETH I (1533-1603) and MARY STUART (1542-1587) Elizabeth Tudor’s sex so disappointed her father, Henry VIII, that it led to his shedding her mother, Anne Boleyn, his second wife, as part of his frantic effort to beget a male heir to the English throne. New York: E.P. Nadine Akkerman, based in the The Netherlands, who recently published her book Elizabeth Stuart: Queen of Hearts, has brought to light the portrait, which depicts Elizabeth wearing the Tudor crown. Mary, Queen of Scotland since she was an infant, had been raised in France and married to the Dauphin as a teenager. Elizabeth is a member of the House of Tudor by birth. But Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage and kept Mary under lock and key. Free 2-day shipping. As the trial closed, Mary demanded … The Stewarts were a family of Scottish kings. She was a cautious ruler who acted carefully to preserve England’s security. Henrietta Maria's sister-in-law. Elizabeth I. Lecture by Dr. Carole Levin at the Museum of London / 03.02.2015 Professor of History Director of Medieval and Renaissance Studies Program University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Mary Stuart, Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin, was the granddaughter of Henry’s sister and was seen by many to be a Catholic heir to the throne. She is Mary of Scotland's first cousin once removed, and are only a couple of years apart. In 1558, Elizabeth finally became Queen of England and Ireland — though it was a dramatic path to the throne.Elizabeth’s half-brother, Edward I, was crowned King in 1547 when he was 9 years old. In Loving Memory of John Carruth who passed away September 25th 1934 aged 57 years and his beloved wife Mary Stuart Carruth died 10 -10 -62 aged 85 years Thy will be done. A female monarch still in her twenties, early yet in her rule. With the wedding called off, she soon uncovers her friends devious scheme to steal away the man she loves. It may have been the result of Elizabeth’s failure to marry Philip. Elizabeth Barrett to Miss Mitford: The Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Barrett to Mary Russell Mitford, edited by Betty Miller (London: Murray, 1954). Walter Bynum Stuart III died peacefully January 10, 2018, at the age of 95. The arrival of Mary Stuart was the great at Elizabeth’s court in 1569. historylearningsite.co.uk. Wiki User. It was initially arranged for Mary to marry the English King Henry VIII’s son Prince Edward; however the Scots refused to ratify the agreement. Of course, Mary plotted from the very beginning to escape. In London many in the Privy Council were fearful that France would rekindle her relationship with Scotland and that England would face threats on two fronts. The secret is out. In 1542 the Scottish throne went to Mary, Queen of Scots, a controversial monarch who became France's queen consort and claimed the English crown. Elizabeth I and Spain. Princess Mary Tudor was the apple of her father’s eye for many years prior Anne Boleyn returning to England. She became Queen of Scotland when she was six days old after her father died at the Battle of Solway Moss. Parliament was worried that if Elizabeth died childless, Mary Stuart, a Catholic, would probably become queen of England. Yet for many Catholics in England and abroad, Elizabeth was illegitimate. Freshly back from her duties in France, Anne was unlike most women and Henry VIII noticed. By then, her letters had disappeared. Dutton & Co., 1967. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He had been married to Elizabeth’s half-sister, Mary, and Spain was seen as a friendly nation in 1558. In December 1483, in the cathedral in Rennes, Henry Tudor swore an oath promising to marry her and began planning an invasion. Queen Elizabeth II as she actually is. With Tenika Davis, Lydia Zadel, Eric Hicks, Julia Borsellino. Public Domain. Wikimedia Commons. Elizabeth was the second daughter of Charles I, the ill-fated king who would unprecedentedly lose his life after years of civil war. Mary, Queen of Scots, was barely one week old when she succeeded to the throne in 1542. She was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Despite this, his mother and Elizabeth Woodville agreed Henry should move to claim the throne and, once he had taken it, marry Elizabeth of York to unite the two rival Houses. Elizabeth I and Spain. Did Queen Elizabeth the 1st have a child? On this day in history, 1st February 1587, Elizabeth I called her secretary, William Davison, to her and asked him to bring her Mary, Queen of Scots's death warrant. Elizabeth was the second child and eldest daughter of James VI and I, King of … When it became obvious that Queen Anne would be the last Protestant Stuart, the English parliament selected the daughter of Elizabeth Senior as successor, as she was a Protestant. He was born October 5, 1922, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the second of seven children of Rosa Gauthreaux Stuart and Walter Bynum Stuart, Jr. Walter graduated from Baker High School in Baton Rouge in 1939 and entered LSU, where he met the love of his life, Rita Bess Kleinpeter, … "Now that Raleigh can't protect you." In 1603 the old Queen Elizabeth I of England passed away without leaving an heir. Note – the reference numbers in the right hand column identify the Trees that an individual appears in. It now became very important to Parliament that Elizabeth should marry and produce a Protestant heir to the throne. December 1543 – March 1551 The War of the Rough Wooing was a war between Scotland and England. Mary Stuart’s attempt to overthrow her cousin Elizabeth I, Queen of England, finds her condemned to years of imprisonment before facing execution. Elizabeth, daughter of the mercurial King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn, was born on September 7, 1533, at Greenwich Palace. She is Mary Stuart 's second cousin once remonved and rival. When Elizabeth became Queen in 1558 on the death of her half-sister Mary, England had a decent relationship with Spain. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell m. 1567–1578 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley m. 1565–1567 Francis II of France m. 1558–1560. She was executed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587. Elizabeth II . Her mother was Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn.At birth, Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the English throne. This book provides the reader with extremely detailed information about Mary Stuart's "crime". It is part of an alleged conversation with her mother, who wanted Elizabeth to marry King Philip III of Spain rather than become the ‘Goodwife Palsgrave’ by marrying Frederick. The wedding took place in February 1613 at the royal chapel at The Palace of Whitehall and was a grand occasion that saw more royalty than ever at court of England. Elizabeth faced challenges throughout her long reign - from Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Spanish Armada. Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain obviously helped to cement this even if the marriage itself was not a success. In terms of blood relations, the nearest legal successor to Elizabeth on her death was Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots). The Summer fundraiser is partly to raise money towards updating technology within the church to enable continuation and enhance the streaming of various services. No, This Elizabeth’s aunt, anther Elizabeth Stuart married a German prince who briefly became king of Bohemia. The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, brother of Charles Edward Stuart, in 1807. Study now. What year did marty stuart and connie smith get married? This famous account of the execution was written by Robert Wynkfielde. Elizabeth I was a long-ruling queen of England, governing with relative stability and prosperity for 44 years. This book does not allow the reader to decide if Mary Stuart had anything to do with Lord Darnley's murder, its author is too busy providing evidence to convict her. Elizabeth Stuart in 1613. Possibly James Stuart, Earl of Moray, Mary’s illegitimate half-brother. She was the daughter of the infamous King Henry VIII and his second wife the illustrious Queen Anne Boleyn, who was executed when Elizabeth was just two years old. Elizabeth Stuart (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was Electress of the Palatinate and briefly Queen of Bohemia as the wife of Frederick V of the Palatinate.Because her husband's reign in Bohemia lasted for just one winter, Elizabeth is often referred to as the "Winter Queen". 2. She was born in 1542 a week before her father, King James V of Scotland, died prematurely. On 24th March 1603 Elizabeth I died, having reigned for 44 years as a very popular queen. She had been engaged to Prince Francis since they were children, and when they turned 16, both their parents had agreed they would marry. Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Hearts. Elizabeth Stuart (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662) was Electress of the Palatinate and briefly Queen of Bohemia as the wife of Frederick V of the Palatinate. Freshly back from her duties in France, Anne was unlike most women and Henry VIII noticed. Of course, Mary plotted from the very beginning to escape. Elizabeth's father was the younger brother of Mary Stuart's grandmother, Margaret Tudor. Answer (1 of 11): No. Isabel I de Inglaterra (en inglés, Elizabeth I), a menudo referida como la Reina Virgen, Gloriana o la Buena Reina Bess (Greenwich, 7 de septiembre de 1533-Richmond, 24 de marzo de 1603), fue reina de Inglaterra e Irlanda desde el 17 de noviembre de 1558 hasta el día de su muerte. "I can't leave my kingdom. In keeping with his father’s policy, Friedrich V sought a marriage to Elizabeth Stuart of England. “I WILL never marry,” the future Elizabeth I declared at the age of eight, and, to the consternation of her subjects, the Great Queen kept her word. Parliament was worried that if Elizabeth died childless, Mary Stuart, a Catholic, would probably become queen of England. ∙ 2011-03-04 18:49:25. When this did not occur, Philip may have let his personal feelings influence his policy decisions. This included funerals where numbers were limited and enabled people to still be a part of the service. Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England, is one of the main characters and an antagonist. Elizabeth was born in August of 1596, the daughter of King James VI of Scotland and his wife Anne of Denmark. Where were Elizabeth Stuart and Frederick V married? Mary Stuart was executed on 8 February 1587 at Fotheringhay Castle, after a trial whose outcome forever troubled Queen Elizabeth I. Some of her councilors, including Dudley and Throckmorton, thought Mary should wed the premier peer in England. Reign tells the tale of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotts, as she navigates the 16th-century throne and manages love, loss, war, and betrayal. historylearningsite.co.uk. 9. The throne passed to James who was crowned James I of England. Of course, Mary plotted from the very beginning to escape. She is the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth reigned for almost forty-five years and was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty, having died childless. However, the suspicious death of Robert’s wife, Amy Robsart, on 8th September 1560, … In 1568, Mary fled Scotland after her marriage to Lord Darnley ended in murder and a suspicious remarriage, and she begged for Elizabeth's help to be restored to power. Lady Arbella Stuart (also Arabella, or Stewart; 1575 – 25 September 1615) was an English noblewoman who was considered a possible successor to Queen Elizabeth I of England.During the reign of King James VI and I (her first cousin), she married William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset in secret. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 4 Feb 2022. Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain obviously helped to cement this even if the marriage itself was not a success. Mary, Queen of Scots and Plots Against Elizabeth I. Mary, Queen of Scots was a thorn in the side of Queen Elizabeth I during much of her reign. Elizabeth Tudor is the Queen of England and Ireland. She is the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She is Mary I of Scotland's first cousin once removed, and are only a couple years apart. Elizabeth's father was the younger brother of Mary Stuart's grandmother, Margaret Tudor. Mary, Queen of Scots, engraving, 1849. Following her death, Mary, Queen of Scots' son – James VI of Scotland – was named King James I of England. When it became obvious that Queen Anne would be the last Protestant Stuart, the English parliament selected the daughter of Elizabeth Senior as successor, as she was a Protestant. Because her husband's reign in Bohemia lasted for just one winter, Elizabeth is often referred to as the "Winter Queen". Dutton & Co., 1967. She was executed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587. Elizabeth eventually authorised the execution of … Duke Francis of Bavaria is the current senior heir. (24) This move was opposed by Bishop Stephen Gardiner, her Lord Chancellor, who wanted her to marry Edward Courtenay, a man he thought was more acceptable to the English people. As she had no children, and therefore no direct heir to the throne, she was the last Tudor monarch. New York: E.P. To this end, when Mary’s husband died, Elizabeth pushed for Mary to marry Sir Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester. When she was born, on the 21st of April 1926, there were gasps of horror from those in attendance. Mary, Queen of Scots and Plots Against Elizabeth I. Mary, Queen of Scots was a thorn in the side of Queen Elizabeth I during much of her reign. When Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded, her execution was absolutely horrendous even by 16th century standards.

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